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What Is A Ten Pence Worth In American Money?

Written By Sunday, May 29, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Lowest-value physical American currency

Cent

United States
Value 0.01 U.Due south. dollar
Mass (1982-present) ii.5 g (0.08 troy oz)
Bore nineteen.05 mm (0.75 in)
Thickness i.52 mm (0.0598 in)
Edge Plain
Composition (1982–nowadays) copper-plated zinc
97.5% Zn, ii.5% Cu
Years of minting 1793–1814, 1816–present
Catalog number –
Obverse
US One Cent Obv.png
Pattern Abraham Lincoln
Designer Victor D. Brenner
Design date 1909 (modified since)
Reverse
Design Union Shield
Designer Lyndall Bass
Design appointment 2010–present

The United states of america one-cent coin (symbol: ¢), oft chosen the "penny", is a unit of currency equaling ane one-hundredth of a Usa dollar. It has been the lowest face-value physical unit of U.S. currency since the abolition of the half-cent in 1857 (the abstruse mill, which has never been minted, equal to a tenth of a cent, continues to see express use in the fields of taxation and finance). The starting time U.S. cent was produced in 1787, and the cent has been issued primarily every bit a copper or copper-plated coin throughout its history.

The penny is issued in its current form as the Lincoln cent, with its obverse featuring the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of Lincoln'southward birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial. Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln's 200th altogether and a new, "permanent" reverse – the Union Shield – was introduced in 2010. The coin is 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) in diameter and 0.0598 inches (1.52 mm) in thickness. The electric current copper-plated zinc cent issued since 1982 weighs 2.v grams, while the previous 95% copper cent still found in circulation weighed iii.11 g (run across further below).

The U.Southward. Mint's official name for the money is "cent"[ane] and the U.Southward. Treasury'southward official name is "ane cent piece".[two] The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name, which occupies a similar place in the British system. Pennies is the plural course (not to be confused with pence, which refers to the unit of currency).

In the early 2010s, the cost of metal used to make pennies rose to a noticeable cost to the mint which peaked at more than $0.02, a negative seigniorage, for the $0.01 face-value coin. This pushed the mint to look for alternative metals over again for the coin, and besides brought the debate about eliminating the coin into more focus. As of 2022[update] there are no firm plans to exercise and then.[3]

History of limerick [edit]

The limerick of the penny has varied over fourth dimension:[4] [5]

Years Material Weight
(grains)		 Weight
(grams)
1793–1795 ~100% copper 208 grains 13.48
1795–1857 † ~100% copper 168 grains 10.89
1856–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12) 72 grains 4.67
1864–1942 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.xi
1943 zinc-coated steel (also known equally 1943 steel cent) 42 grains 2.72
1944–1946 gilding metal (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains iii.11
1947–1962 statuary (95% copper, 5% tin can and zinc) 48 grains iii.eleven
1962 – September 1982 gilding metallic (95% copper, v% zinc) 48 grains 3.eleven
Oct 1982 – present copper-plated zinc (97.five% zinc, 2.five% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5

The isotope limerick of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects the copper from Cornish ores from England, while coins afterwards 1850 reflect the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.[6]

In 1943, at the superlative of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were fabricated for a brusque time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 to 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their manner into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues.

During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the indicate where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test culling metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was called, and over 1.5 million samples of the 1974 aluminum cent were struck before ultimately being rejected.

The cent'southward composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise in a higher place one cent.[seven] Some 1982 cents used the 97.5% zinc composition, while others used the 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors, Usa cents minted after 1982 accept been zinc with copper plating. The bronze and copper cents tin can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents past dropping the coins on a solid surface. The predominantly zinc coins make a lower-pitched "clunk", while the copper coins produce a higher-pitched ringing audio.[8] In improver, a full 50-cent roll of pre-1982/3 coins weighs v.4 oz (150 grand) compared to a post-1982–83 roll which weighs four.iv oz (120 g).

Designs [edit]

The coin has gone through several designs over its ii-hundred-year time frame. Until 1857 information technology was about the size of the electric current U.South. dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through present dollars). Shown below are the unlike cent designs that have been produced; mintage figures can be constitute at United States cent mintage figures.

Large cents:

  • Flowing Pilus Chain 1793
  • Flowing Pilus Wreath 1793
  • Freedom Cap 1793–1796
  • Draped Bust 1796–1807
  • Classic Head 1808–1814
  • Coronet 1816–1839
  • Braided Hair 1839–1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)

Small cents:

  • Flight Eagle cent (1856–1858)
  • Indian Head cent (1859–1909)
  • Lincoln cent (1909–present)
    • Lincoln Wheat (1909–1958)
    • Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
    • Lincoln Bicentennial four reverse designs (2009)
    • Lincoln Matrimony Shield[nine] (2010–present)

Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date, but about of the digits have been old-mode numerals, except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending. The just significant departure is that the small 3 was non-descending (the same size every bit a 0, 1, or 2) in the early on history, before switching to a descending, large three for the yr 1934 and then permanently (equally of 2014[update]) in 1943. Similarly, the digit 5 was pocket-size and not-descending upward to 1945.

  • Liberty Cap cent, 1794

  • Classic Head cent, 1811

  • Braided Pilus large cent, 1850

  • Flying Hawkeye small cent, 1858

  • Indian Head cent, 1859

Lincoln cent [edit]

  • Obverse side of a cent subsequently 17 years of circulation

The Lincoln cent is the electric current one-cent coin of the U.South. It was adopted in 1909 (which would have been Lincoln'south 100th birthday), replacing the Indian Head cent. Its contrary was changed in 1959 from a wheat-stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln'southward sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's bicentennial. There are more one-cent coins produced than any other denomination, which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar particular. In its lifespan, this coin has weathered both world wars, one of which temporarily changed its limerick as part of the war endeavor. The obverse pattern is the longest produced for any circulating American coin.

History [edit]

A collection of Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974. Nearly consummate set in a binder. Too features two mistake coins.

Wheat (1909–1958)

Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)

Determinative Years in Indiana (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

When the Lincoln one-cent coin fabricated its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical deviation from the accepted styling of U.s.a. coinage, equally it was the showtime regular money to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on virtually pre-1909 regular coins. Previously, a stiff feeling had prevailed confronting using portraits on coins in the United states of america, but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth proved stronger than the long-standing tradition.

A multifariousness of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln's paradigm circulated every bit one-cent pieces during Lincoln's presidency; legitimate coinage had get deficient during the Civil War. These early on tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination, appearance, size, and composition of Lincoln cents.

Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. president, thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to go the motto "In God We Trust" removed as offending organized religion. Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation's premier medalists. Roosevelt had learned of Brenner's talents in a settlement firm on New York Urban center's Lower Due east Side and was immediately impressed with a bas-relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln, based on a Mathew Brady photo. Roosevelt, who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican president, and who also considered himself Lincoln'southward political heir, ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner's work and to be released only in time to commemorate Lincoln'due south 100th birthday in 1909. The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an accommodation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York.[10]

In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins—Freedom and the date—the motto In God Nosotros Trust appeared for the showtime time on a coin of this denomination. The U.s. Congress passed the Act of March three, 1865, authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins,[xi] during Lincoln's tenure in part.

Fifty-fifty though no legislation was required for the new pattern, approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite 3 weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.

In 1918, after the controversy over Brenner's name and initials on the reverse had died downward, his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy. They are to be establish in infinitesimal course on the rim of the bosom, merely under the shoulder of Lincoln.

Wheat cent (1909–1958) [edit]

A study of 3 potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple pattern begetting two wheatheads in memorial manner. Between these, in the center of the coin, are the denomination and United states OF AMERICA, while curving around the upper edge is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, Latin for "Out of Many, One".

The original model diameter Brenner's proper name on the contrary, curving forth the rim below Usa. Before the coins were issued, nonetheless, the initials "VDB" were substituted considering officials at the United States Mint felt the name was likewise prominent. Afterwards the money was released, many protested that fifty-fifty the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design. Because the coin was in groovy need, and considering to make a change would have required halting production, the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely.

Thus in 1909 the U.Southward. had six different cents: the 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head cents, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB, 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues. While the smallest mintage is the '09-S Indian, the '09-South VDB is the cardinal Lincoln date, and hence is most valuable. Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.vii% of the plain V.D.B.

Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008) [edit]

Item of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial

On Feb 12, 1959, a revised reverse design was introduced every bit function of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, and then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, prepared the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to nowadays for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to brand the change considering the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years. The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the fundamental motif, with the legends E Pluribus Unum and Usa OF AMERICA completing the pattern, together with the denomination. The initials "FG" appear on the right, near the shrubbery. This series is noteworthy for having the image of Abraham Lincoln both on the obverse and reverse, as his likeness can be discerned at the middle of the memorial on the reverse.

Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009) [edit]

The Presidential $one Coin Deed of 2005 required that the cent'south reverse exist redesigned in 2009. This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln'due south life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth.

These four designs, unveiled September 22, 2008 at a anniversary held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:

  • Birth and early on childhood in Kentucky: this design features a log cabin and Lincoln's birth yr 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz. This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln's 200th birthday, Feb 12, 2009, at a special anniversary at LaRue Canton Loftier School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln's birthplace.[12] The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years (see Lincoln cent mintage figures). It has been nicknamed the "Log Cabin Penny".
  • Determinative years in Indiana: this blueprint features a young Lincoln reading while taking a interruption from rail splitting. It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed the "Indiana Penny", information technology was released on May 14, 2009.[13]
  • Professional person life in Illinois: this design features a young professional Lincoln standing earlier the Illinois Country Capitol, in Springfield. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart. Nicknamed the "Illinois Penny", it was released on Baronial 13, 2009.[13]
  • Presidency in Washington, D.C.: this design features the one-half-completed Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Take chances and sculpted by Joseph Menna. This quaternary cent was released to the public on November 12, 2009.[13] U.South. Mint released collector's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc.

Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metal copper content of cents minted in 1909 (95% copper, 5% can and zinc).[14] Those struck for apportionment retained the normal limerick of a zinc cadre coated with copper.

Matrimony shield cent (2010–present) [edit]

The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent volition exist minted which "shall bear an prototype emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United states of America every bit a unmarried and united land".[15] Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent.[16] On April sixteen, 2009 the Committee of Fine Arts (CFA) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as i nation.[17] Subsequently this design was withdrawn because information technology was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s.[18] The Citizens Coinage Informational Committee later met and chose a design showing a Spousal relationship shield with One CENT superimposed in a curl; Due east Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield.[18] [19] In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a pattern featuring a modern rendition of the American flag.[xx] As a part of the release ceremony for the terminal of the 2009 cents on November 12, the pattern for the 2010 cent was appear.[21] The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC.[21] According to the Mint, the thirteen stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar in a higher place".[22] The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi, an creative person in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency.[22] The obverse of the cent was also changed to a mod rendition of Brenner's design.[23] [21] The new Marriage Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in apply since 1959.[21] The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna.[24] In January 2010, the coins were released early in Puerto Rico;[25] this was caused by a shortage of 2009-dated pennies on the isle.[23] The new pattern was released at a anniversary at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010.[26] In 2017, cents minted in Philadelphia were struck with a "P" mintmark to gloat the 225th anniversary of the U.South. Mint. 2017 is the but year that Philadelphia cents have had a mintmark.[27] In 2019, the United states of america Mint, the West Point Mint minted pennies marked with a "W" mintmark which was merely available with proof sets, wrapped separately from the proof fix in its own United states Mint plastic wrap.[28]

Production problems [edit]

Proposals to eliminate [edit]

It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather just receive them in modify at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or greenbacks them in at money counting kiosks. About mod vending machines do not accept pennies, farther diminishing their utility, and the production toll (figured in U.Southward. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused past increasing inflation.[29] In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would accept stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [Coin] Act).[30]

In apprehension of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.South. nickels for turn a profit, the U.Due south. Mint, which is a part of the United states of america Department of the Treasury, implemented new regulations[31] on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on consign of the coins. Violators tin can be punished with a fine of up to $x,000 USD and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.[32]

Metal content and manufacturing costs [edit]

The price of metal drives the cost to industry a cent. The Secretary of the Treasury has authorization to alter the per centum of copper and zinc in the ane-cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations.[33] For years, the Mint'south production and shipping costs for cents have exceeded the confront value of the money (the Mint'south stock-still costs and overhead, however, are absorbed by other circulating coins).[34] As a outcome, the U.South. Treasury loses tens of millions of dollars every year producing cents. For instance, the loss in 2013 was $55 1000000.[35]

Cost to manufacture and distribute a penny, in cents
Fiscal year 2010 [33] 2011 2012[36] 2013 [35] 2014 [37] 2015 [38] 2016 [39] 2017 2018 [40] 2019 [41]
Cost (cents) i.79 ii.41 2.00 ane.83 1.lxx 1.67 1.50 1.82 ii.06 1.99

When copper reached a record high in Feb 2011,[42] the melt value of a 95% copper cent was more than three times its confront value. As of January 21, 2014, a pre-1982 cent independent 2.203 cents' worth of copper and zinc, making it an attractive target for melting past people wanting to sell the metals for profit. In comparison, post-1982 copper-plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.552 cent.[43]

Toxicity [edit]

Zinc, a major component of U.S. cents minted after mid-1982, is toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such a coin, which is 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.[44] Coins are the most unremarkably ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to laissez passer spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic.[45] Zinc toxicity, more often than not in the form of the ingestion of U.Southward. pennies minted later 1982, is normally fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[46] Information technology is too highly toxic in pet parrots and can ofttimes be fatal.[47]

See also [edit]

  • 1909-South VDB Lincoln Cent
  • 1943 steel cent
  • 1955 doubled-die cent
  • 1974 aluminum cent
  • Large cent (United states coin)
  • Legal Tender Modernization Human action
  • Factory (currency)
  • Penny (Canadian coin)
  • Penny fence in the United states
  • Ring cent
  • Take a penny, leave a penny
  • United States Mint money production
  • Lincoln cent mintage figures

References [edit]

  1. ^ "The U.s. Mint Coin Specifications". Washington, D.C.: United States Mint. Retrieved 2009-11-09 . Denomination:Cent; Nickel; Dime; Quarter Dollar.... (categories across the top of the specifications chart)
  2. ^ "Denominations". Washington, D.C.: United States Section of the Treasury. Retrieved 2015-03-03 . The proper term is "1 cent piece," but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent.
  3. ^ Nicks, Denver (2016-04-20). "Fifty-fifty the U.S. Treasury Secretary Wants to Scrap the Penny". Money.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved 2018-04-24 .
  4. ^ "Coin Specifications". Retrieved 2019-03-23 .
  5. ^ U.S. Mint (3 September 2019). "Coin Production". Retrieved 2020-12-twenty .
  6. ^ Mathur, R (2009). "The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (2): 430–433. doi:ten.1016/j.jas.2008.09.029.
  7. ^ "1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents". Coins.thefuntimesguide.com. Retrieved 2011-07-20 .
  8. ^ "Is my Penny a Copper, or a Zinc Cent?". Retrieved 2008-06-16 .
  9. ^ "The U.s. Mint Coins and Medals Programme". USMint.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-27 .
  10. ^ Margolick, David (2007-02-11). "Penny Foolish". The New York Times . Retrieved 2010-05-22 .
  11. ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016-04-29 .
  12. ^ Kocher, Greg (February 13, 2009). "Lincoln's birthplace is launch site for new penny". Lexington Herald-Leader.
  13. ^ a b c O'Keefe, Ed (February 17, 2009). "Heads Abe, Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial". The Washington Post. p. A11.
  14. ^ "U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog". Catalog.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20 .
  15. ^ Pub.L. 109–145 (text) (PDF), 119 Stat. 2674, enacted December 22, 2005 – Presidential $one Coin Act of 2005, Championship Half dozen, §303. "The design on the contrary of the i-cent coins issued after December 31, 2009, shall comport an image emblematic of President Lincoln'south preservation of The states every bit a unmarried and united land." Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  16. ^ Staff (2009-06-09). "2010 Lincoln Cent Pattern Proposals". 2010 Lincoln Cents. Retrieved 2009-11-30 . There were initially xviii pattern proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse.
  17. ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-04). "Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent". Coin World. 50 (2560): i.
  18. ^ a b McAllister, Bill (2009-05-eighteen). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): i.
  19. ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
  20. ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Commission votes for U.Southward. flag on 2010 1¢". Coin World. 50 (2565): 1.
  21. ^ a b c d Gilkes, Paul (2009-xi-30). "Cent to comport Union Shield design in 2010". Coin Earth. l (2590): 1, 68.
  22. ^ a b "Us Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One-Cent Money" (Press release). U.s.a. Mint. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-xxx .
  23. ^ a b Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-15). "Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait". Coin World. 51 (2601): 1, 24.
  24. ^ "United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln I-Cent Coin" (Printing release). United States Mint. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11 . The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by Us Mint Artistic Infusion Programme Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor-Engraver Joseph Menna.
  25. ^ Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-08). "Starting time Apportionment Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico". Coin Globe. 51 (2600): 5.
  26. ^ Ruston, Bruce (2010-02-11). "Collectors seek to turn turn a profit on pennies". State Journal-Register. Archived from the original on 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2010-02-eleven . The newest—and for at present permanent—version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum... {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
  27. ^ McMorrow-Hernandez, Joshua (16 Jan 2017). "Philadelphia Mint Quietly Releases 2017-P Lincoln Cent". coinweek.com.
  28. ^ "U.s.a. Mint Proof Fix | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov . Retrieved 2022-03-31 .
  29. ^ Hagenbaugh, Barbara (2006-05-09). "Coins cost more to make than face value". The states Today . Retrieved 2006-10-04 .
  30. ^ Zappone, Christian (July 18, 2006). "Kill-the-penny nib introduced". CNN.
  31. ^ "United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins". Usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-xx .
  32. ^ "CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82" (PDF). U.South. Government Printing Part. Retrieved 2013-01-05 .
  33. ^ a b Usa Mint (2010-12-04). "U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report" (PDF) . Retrieved 2011-01-16 .
  34. ^ Staff (April 17, 2012). "Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting, Inc. on "The Hereafter of Money: Coin Production"" Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology U.s.a. House of Representatives – April 17, 2012" (PDF). U.S. Congress. Retrieved September x, 2012.
  35. ^ a b "U.s.a. Mint Price To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013". January 20, 2014.
  36. ^ Unser, Mike (2019-05-24). "Penny Costs 2.06 Cents to Brand in 2018, Nickel Costs vii.53 Cents; US Mint Realizes $321.1M in Seigniorage". Coin News . Retrieved 2020-07-eleven .
  37. ^ "About | U.S. Mint" (PDF). Usmint.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-24 .
  38. ^ "US Mint Cost To Make Penny".
  39. ^ Unser, Mike (2017-02-21). "Penny Costs 1.5 Cents to Make in 2016, Nickel Costs 6.32 Cents; United states Mint Realizes $578.7M in Seigniorage". Coin News . Retrieved 2020-07-xi .
  40. ^ Unser, Mike (2019-05-24). "Penny Costs ii.06 Cents to Brand in 2018, Nickel Costs 7.53 Cents; US Mint Realizes $321.1M in Seigniorage". Coin News . Retrieved 2020-07-11 .
  41. ^ Unser, Mike (2020-02-07). "Penny Costs 1.99 Cents to Make in 2019, Nickel Costs 7.62 Cents; The states Mint Realizes $318.3M in Seigniorage". Coin News . Retrieved 2020-07-11 .
  42. ^ "METALS-Copper falls on euro zone thwarting, People's republic of china worry". Reuters. 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-11-xviii .
  43. ^ "Current Melt Value Of Coins – How Much Is Your Coin Worth?". Coinflation.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21 .
  44. ^ Dawn N. Bothwell, M.D., and Eric A. Mair, 1000.D., FAAP. "Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc-Based Penny", Pediatrics Vol. 111, No. March iii, 2003, pp. 689–691. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  45. ^ Marking Fifty. Waltzman, Chiliad.D. "Management of esophageal coins" Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45, No. i Jan–Feb 2006, pp.71–3. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
  46. ^ Stowe CM, Nelson R, Werdin R, et al.: "Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs". JAVMA 173:270, 1978
  47. ^ See, for example, this list of mutual parrot illnesses and their causes

External links [edit]

  • "Penny Foolish", by David Margolick, The New York Times, February 11, 2007 – a brief pop history of the penny.
  • Homo tries to go rid of million pennies, USA Today, 7/i/2004
  • Test of merits that "A U.S. penny costs more than than a cent to manufacture" on Snopes.
  • Acme ten Things Y'all Didn't Know Near the Penny – slideshow by Fourth dimension Magazine
  • U.South. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars – Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012).
  • PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots attempt past retailers and merchants to end using the penny. (June 2007).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)

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